Carbon based pollutants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon based pollutants - Research Paper Example This paper will first focus on CO2 emissions discussing its negative impact on health. Then, the paper focusing on the government’s role in reducing CO2 emissions will discuss the Caps and Trade policy of the US government and the American New Clean Energy and Security Act. Among the various detrimental greenhouse gases, CO2 is the one that has the most virility. Although, on a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a more intense greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but as it is present only in small quantities, its effect is minimal when compared to CO2. (Schobert, 2002). CO2 levels have shown an uphill path due to rampant industrialization that started in the 19th century. With economics deciding the fate of a country as well as of an individual, Industrialization acted as a ‘catalyst’ for economics as well as environmental degradation. â€Å"Humans have been modifying the environment through processes associated with industrialization...One of the most important results of these activities has been increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)† (Berliner, 2004). The common medical fact is humans have to exhale CO2, as high exposure of CO2 and build up of it in the human body will kill the person. However, CO2, emitted from the ind ustries as well as fuel based vehicles, are physically as well as mentally harming humans, other living beings and also the environment. The high exposure of CO2 will affect or injure the human’s organs including heart, lungs, etc causing many diseases like lung diseases, breathing problems, cancers and even death. The results of a study covering few heart patients from Boston showed that, carbon pollutants particularly from traffic exhausts was found to increase ST-segment depression, a condition in which there is a reduction in the hearts ability to conduct electricity. â€Å"When levels of black carbon and particulates in the air

Slavery in Bristish America Essay Example for Free

Slavery in Bristish America Essay That was because slavery expanded rapidly while indentured servants had more rights. The spread of tobacco made Chesapeake planters to move from indentured servants to slaves. There were many reasons for this change. Firstly, by law, blacks had many disadvantages. Such as, they could not claim the protection under the English law. Secondly, while indentured servants had fixed terms, blacks’ terms of service never expired. Moreover, children of slaves would also become slaves and their skin color made them much harder to escape to the outside world. They would be enslaved for forever, with extreme small chances of being released, unless they were deported to other areas. Another reason that helped expand slavery was that, blacks had been used to working on fields with all the hard work. They also encountered many diseases and had developed antibodies to resist to them. Therefore, black population were less likely to be defeated by epidemics, while the Indian population’s death rate was very high due to this reason. The second main reason that led to the expansion of slavery in British America was the law. â€Å"As late as 1680, there were only 4500 blacks in the Chesapeake, a little over 5 percent of the region’s population. † (104) Even when the black population was still that small, new law was enacted to improve and status of white servants and further blocked access to freedom for blacks. A Virginia law of 1662 provided that in the case of a child one of whose parents was free and one slave, the status of the offspring followed that of the mother. This provision not only reversed the European practice of defining a child’s status through the father but also made the sexual abuse of slave women profitable for slaveholders, since any children that resulted remained the owner’s property. )† (106) And, â€Å"In 1667, the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that religious conversion did not release a slave from bondage. (106) Moreover, authorities tried many ways to prevent the growth of free black population by stating that children of black men and white women were illegitimate. Another main reason that led to more freedom for indentured servants and led to the expansion of slavery in British America was the Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676. As a result of this confrontation, the authorities reduced taxes and adopted a stricter Indian policy. Encouraged the growth of former indenture servants by expanding to the West. After the Rebellion, it became more economical to purchase slaves ecause the death rate began to fall. Moreover, the end of a monopoly on the English slave trade opened the door to many other traders to get into this profitable business, shipping more and more slaves to British America. As a result, the black population grew quickly: â€Å"By 1700, blacks constituted more than 10 percent of Virginia’s population. Fifty years later, they made up nearly half. † Eric Foner stated â€Å"While slavery was expanding in British America, so too was freedom† That was because slavery expanded rapidly while indentured servants had more rights.

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own :: Virginia Woolf A Room of One’s Own

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Though published seventy years ago, Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own holds no less appeal today than it did then. Modern women writers look to Woolf as a prophet of inspiration. In November of 1929, Woolf wrote to her friend G. Lowes Dickinson that she penned the book because she "wanted to encourage the young women–they seem to get frightfully depressed" (xiv). The irony here, of course, is that Woolf herself eventually grew so depressed and discouraged that she killed herself. The suicide seems symptomatic of Woolf's own feelings of oppression within a patriarchal world where only the words of men, it seemed, were taken seriously. Nevertheless, women writers still look to Woolf as a liberating force and, in particular, at A Room of One's Own as an inspiring and empowering work. Woolf biographer Quentin Bell notes that the text argues: the disabilities of women are social and economic; the woman writer can only survive despite great difficulties, and despite the prejudice and the economic selfishness of men; and the key to emancipation is to be found in the door of a room which a woman may call her own and which she can inhabit with the same freedom and independence as her brothers. (144) Woolf empowers women writers by first exploring the nature of women and fiction, and then by incorporating notions of androgyny and individuality as it exists in a woman's experience as writer. Woolf's first assertion is that women are spatially hindered in creative life. "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction," Woolf writes, "and that as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of women. . .and fiction unresolved" (4). What Woolf seems to say is that being female stifles creativity. Woolf does not assume, however, that a biological reason for this stifling exists. Instead, she implies that a woman's "life conflicts with something that is not life" (71). In other words, mothering, being a wife, and the general daily, culturally defined expectations of women infringe upon creativity, in particular the writing of fiction. The smothering reality of a woman's life - - housekeeping and child-rearing duties, for example - - distract a woman from writing. Sadly, Woolf notes, even if a woman in such circumstances manages to write anyway, "she will write in a rage where she should write calmly.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty

Jon Are you well, Snow?† Lord Mormont asked, scowling. â€Å"Well,† his raven squawked. â€Å"Well.† â€Å"I am, my lord,† Jon lied . . . loudly, as if that could make it true. â€Å"And you?† Mormont frowned. â€Å"A dead man tried to kill me. How well could I be?† He scratched under his chin. His shaggy grey beard had been singed in the fire, and he'd hacked it off. The pale stubble of his new whiskers made him look old, disreputable, and grumpy. â€Å"You do not look well. How is your hand?† â€Å"Healing.† Jon flexed his bandaged fingers to show him. He had burned himself more badly than he knew throwing the flaming drapes, and his right hand was swathed in silk halfway to the elbow. At the time he'd felt nothing; the agony had come after. His cracked red skin oozed fluid, and fearsome blood blisters rose between his fingers, big as roaches. â€Å"The maester says I'll have scars, but otherwise the hand should be as good as it was before.† â€Å"A scarred hand is nothing. On the Wall, you'll be wearing gloves often as not.† â€Å"As you say, my lord.† It was not the thought of scars that troubled Jon; it was the rest of it. Maester Aemon had given him milk of the poppy, yet even so, the pain had been hideous. At first it had felt as if his hand were still aflame, burning day and night. Only plunging it into basins of snow and shaved ice gave any relief at all. Jon thanked the gods that no one but Ghost saw him writhing on his bed, whimpering from the pain. And when at last he did sleep, he dreamt, and that was even worse. In the dream, the corpse he fought had blue eyes, black hands, and his father's face, but he dared not tell Mormont that. â€Å"Dywen and Hake returned last night,† the Old Bear said. â€Å"They found no sign of your uncle, no more than the others did.† â€Å"I know.† Jon had dragged himself to the common hall to sup with his friends, and the failure of the rangers' search had been all the men had been talking of. â€Å"You know,† Mormont grumbled. â€Å"How is it that everyone knows everything around here?† He did not seem to expect an answer. â€Å"It would seem there were only the two of . . . of those creatures, whatever they were, I will not call them men. And thank the gods for that. Any more and . . . well, that doesn't bear thinking of. There will be more, though. I can feel it in these old bones of mine, and Maester Aemon agrees. The cold winds are rising. Summer is at an end, and a winter is coming such as this world has never seen.† Winter is coming. The Stark words had never sounded so grim or ominous to Jon as they did now. â€Å"My lord,† he asked hesitantly, â€Å"it's said there was a bird last night . . . â€Å" â€Å"There was. What of it?† â€Å"I had hoped for some word of my father.† â€Å"Father,† taunted the old raven, bobbing its head as it walked across Mormont's shoulders. â€Å"Father.† The Lord Commander reached up to pinch its beak shut, but the raven hopped up on his head, fluttered its wings, and flew across the chamber to light above a window. â€Å"Grief and noise,† Mormont grumbled. â€Å"That's all they're good for, ravens. Why I put up with that pestilential bird . . . if there was news of Lord Eddard, don't you think I would have sent for you? Bastard or no, you're still his blood. The message concerned Ser Barristan Selmy. It seems he's been removed from the Kingsguard. They gave his place to that black dog Clegane, and now Selmy's wanted for treason. The fools sent some watchmen to seize him, but he slew two of them and escaped.† Mormont snorted, leaving no doubt of his view of men who'd send gold cloaks against a knight as renowed as Barristan the Bold. â€Å"We have white shadows in the woods and unquiet dead stalking our halls, and a boy sits the Iron Throne,† he said in disgust. The raven laughed shrilly. â€Å"Boy, boy, boy, boy.† Ser Barristan had been the Old Bear's best hope, Jon remembered; if he had fallen, what chance was there that Mormont's letter would be heeded? He curled his hand into a fist. Pain shot through his burned fingers. â€Å"What of my sisters?† â€Å"The message made no mention of Lord Eddard or the girls.† He gave an irritated shrug. â€Å"Perhaps they never got my letter. Aemon sent two copies, with his best birds, but who can say? More like, Pycelle did not deign to reply. It would not be the first time, nor the last. I fear we count for less than nothing in King's Landing. They tell us what they want us to know, and that's little enough.† And you tell me what you want me to know, and that's less, Jon thought resentfully. His brother Robb had called the banners and ridden south to war, yet no word of that had been breathed to him . . . save by Samwell Tarly, who'd read the letter to Maester Aemon and whispered its contents to Jon that night in secret, all the time saying how he shouldn't. Doubtless they thought his brother's war was none of his concern. It troubled him more than he could say. Robb was marching and he was not. No matter how often Jon told himself that his place was here now, with his new brothers on the Wall, he still felt craven. â€Å"Corn,† the raven was crying. â€Å"Corn, corn.† â€Å"Oh, be quiet,† the Old Bear told it. â€Å"Snow, how soon does Maester Aemon say you'll have use of that hand back?† â€Å"Soon,† Jon replied. â€Å"Good.† On the table between them, Lord Mormont laid a large sword in a black metal scabbard banded with silver. â€Å"Here. You'll be ready for this, then.† The raven flapped down and landed on the table, strutting toward the sword, head cocked curiously. Jon hesitated. He had no inkling what this meant. â€Å"My lord?† â€Å"The fire melted the silver off the pommel and burnt the crossguard and grip. Well, dry leather and old wood, what could you expect? The blade, now . . . you'd need a fire a hundred times as hot to harm the blade.† Mormont shoved the scabbard across the rough oak planks. â€Å"I had the rest made anew. Take it.† â€Å"Take it,† echoed his raven, preening. â€Å"Take it, take it.† Awkwardly, Jon took the sword in hand. His left hand; his bandaged right was still too raw and clumsy. Carefully he pulled it from its scabbard and raised it level with his eyes. The pommel was a hunk of pale stone weighted with lead to balance the long blade. It had been carved into the likeness of a snarling wolf's head, with chips of garnet set into the eyes. The grip was virgin leather, soft and black, as yet unstained by sweat or blood. The blade itself was a good half foot longer than those Jon was used to, tapered to thrust as well as slash, with three fullers deeply incised in the metal. Where Ice was a true two-handed greatsword, this was a hand-and-a-halfer, sometimes named a â€Å"bastard sword.† Yet the wolf sword actually seemed lighter than the blades he had wielded before. When Jon turned it sideways, he could see the ripples in the dark steel where the metal had been folded back on itself again and again. â€Å"This is Valyrian steel, my lord,† he said wonderingly. His father had let him handle Ice often enough; he knew the look, the feel. â€Å"It is,† the Old Bear told him. â€Å"It was my father's sword, and his father's before him. The Mormonts have carried it for five centuries. I wielded it in my day and passed it on to my son when I took the black.† He is giving me his son's sword. Jon could scarcely believe it. The blade was exquisitely balanced. The edges glimmered faintly as they kissed the light. â€Å"Your son—† â€Å"My son brought dishonor to House Mormont, but at least he had the grace to leave the sword behind when he fled. My sister returned it to my keeping, but the very sight of it reminded me of Jorah's shame, so I put it aside and thought no more of it until we found it in the ashes of my bedchamber. The original pommel was a bear's head, silver, yet so worn its features were all but indistinguishable. For you, I thought a white wolf more apt. One of our builders is a fair stonecarver.† When Jon had been Bran's age, he had dreamed of doing great deeds, as boys always did. The details of his feats changed with every dreaming, but quite often he imagined saving his father's life. Afterward Lord Eddard would declare that Jon had proved himself a true Stark, and place Ice in his hand. Even then he had known it was only a child's folly; no bastard could ever hope to wield a father's sword. Even the memory shamed him. What kind of man stole his own brother's birthright? I have no right to this, he thought, no more than to Ice. He twitched his burned fingers, feeling a throb of pain deep under the skin. â€Å"My lord, you honor me, but—† â€Å"Spare me your but's, boy,† Lord Mormont interrupted. â€Å"I would not be sitting here were it not for you and that beast of yours. You fought bravely . . . and more to the point, you thought quickly. Fire! Yes, damn it. We ought to have known. We ought to have remembered. The Long Night has come before. Oh, eight thousand years is a good while, to be sure . . . yet if the Night's Watch does not remember, who will?† â€Å"Who will,† chimed the talkative raven. â€Å"Who will.† Truly, the gods had heard Jon's prayer that night; the fire had caught in the dead man's clothing and consumed him as if his flesh were candle wax and his bones old dry wood. Jon had only to close his eyes to see the thing staggering across the solar, crashing against the furniture and flailing at the flames. It was the face that haunted him most; surrounded by a nimbus of fire, hair blazing like straw, the dead flesh melting away and sloughing off its skull to reveal the gleam of bone beneath. Whatever demonic force moved Othor had been driven out by the flames; the twisted thing they had found in the ashes had been no more than cooked meat and charred bone. Yet in his nightmare he faced it again . . . and this time the burning corpse wore Lord Eddard's features. It was his father's skin that burst and blackened, his father's eyes that ran liquid down his cheeks like jellied tears. Jon did not understand why that should be or what it might mean, but it frightened him more than he could say. â€Å"A sword's small payment for a life,† Mormont concluded. â€Å"Take it, I'll hear no more of it, is that understood?† â€Å"Yes, my lord.† The soft leather gave beneath Jon's fingers, as if the sword were molding itself to his grip already. He knew he should be honored, and he was, and yet . . . He is not my father. The thought leapt unbidden to Jon's mind. Lord Eddard Stark is my father. I will not forget him, no matter how many swords they give me. Yet he could scarcely tell Lord Mormont that it was another man's sword he dreamt of . . . â€Å"I want no courtesies either,† Mormont said, â€Å"so thank me no thanks. Honor the steel with deeds, not words.† Jon nodded. â€Å"Does it have a name, my lord?† â€Å"It did, once. Longclaw, it was called.† â€Å"Claw,† the raven cried. â€Å"Claw.† â€Å"Longclaw is an apt name.† Jon tried a practice cut. He was clumsy and uncomfortable with his left hand, yet even so the steel seemed to flow through the air, as if it had a will of its own. â€Å"Wolves have claws, as much as bears.† The Old Bear seemed pleased by that. â€Å"I suppose they do. You'll want to wear that over the shoulder, I imagine. It's too long for the hip, at least until you've put on a few inches. And you'll need to work at your two-handed strikes as well. Ser Endrew can show you some moves, when your burns have healed.† â€Å"Ser Endrew?† Jon did not know the name. â€Å"Ser Endrew Tarth, a good man. He's on his way from the ShadowTower to assume the duties of master-at-arms. Ser Alliser Thorne left yestermorn for Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.† Jon lowered the sword. â€Å"Why?† he said, stupidly. Mormont snorted. â€Å"Because I sent him, why do you think? He's bringing the hand your Ghost tore off the end of Jafer Flowers's wrist. I have commanded him to take ship to King's Landing and lay it before this boy king. That should get young Joffrey's attention, I'd think . . . and Ser Alliser's a knight, highborn, anointed, with old friends at court, altogether harder to ignore than a glorified crow.† â€Å"Crow.† Jon thought the raven sounded faintly indignant. â€Å"As well,† the Lord Commander continued, ignoring the bird's protest, â€Å"it puts a thousand leagues twixt him and you without it seeming a rebuke.† He jabbed a finger up at Jon's face. â€Å"And don't think this means I approve of that nonsense in the common hall. Valor makes up for a fair amount of folly, but you're not a boy anymore, however many years you've seen. That's a man's sword you have there, and it will take a man to wield her. I'll expect you to act the part, henceforth.† â€Å"Yes, my lord.† Jon slid the sword back into the silver-banded scabbard. If not the blade he would have chosen, it was nonetheless a noble gift, and freeing him from Alliser Thorne's malignance was nobler still. The Old Bear scratched at his chin. â€Å"I had forgotten how much a new beard itches,† he said. â€Å"Well, no help for that. Is that hand of yours healed enough to resume your duties?† â€Å"Yes, my lord.† â€Å"Good. The night will be cold, I'll want hot spice wine. Find me a flagon of red, not too sour, and don't skimp on the spices. And tell Hobb that if he sends me boiled mutton again I'm like to boil him. That last haunch was grey. Even the bird wouldn't touch it.† He stroked the raven's head with his thumb, and the bird made a contented quorking sound. â€Å"Away with you. I've work to do.† The guards smiled at him from their niches as he wound his way down the turret stair, carrying the sword in his good hand. â€Å"Sweet steel,† one man said. â€Å"You earned that, Snow,† another told him. Jon made himself smile back at them, but his heart was not in it. He knew he should be pleased, yet he did not feel it. His hand ached, and the taste of anger was in his mouth, though he could not have said who he was angry with or why. A half dozen of his friends were lurking outside when he left the King's Tower, where Lord Commander Mormont now made his residence. They'd hung a target on the granary doors, so they could seem to be honing their skills as archers, but he knew lurkers when he saw them. No sooner did he emerge than Pyp called out, â€Å"Well, come about, let's have a look.† â€Å"At what?† Jon said. Toad sidled close. â€Å"Your rosy butt cheeks, what else?† â€Å"The sword,† Grenn stated. â€Å"We want to see the sword.† Jon raked them with an accusing look. â€Å"You knew.† Pyp grinned. â€Å"We're not all as dumb as Grenn.† â€Å"You are so,† insisted Grenn. â€Å"You're dumber.† Halder gave an apologetic shrug. â€Å"I helped Pate carve the stone for the pommel,† the builder said, â€Å"and your friend Sam bought the garnets in Mole's Town.† â€Å"We knew even before that, though,† Grenn said. â€Å"Rudge has been helping Donal Noye in the forge. He was there when the Old Bear brought him the burnt blade.† â€Å"The sword!† Matt insisted. The others took up the chant. â€Å"The sword, the sword, the sword.† Jon unsheathed Longclaw and showed it to them, turning it this way and that so they could admire it. The bastard blade glittered in the pale sunlight, dark and deadly. â€Å"Valyrian steel,† he declared solemnly, trying to sound as pleased and proud as he ought to have felt. â€Å"I heard of a man who had a razor made of Valyrian steel,† declared Toad. â€Å"He cut his head off trying to shave.† Pyp grinned. â€Å"The Night's Watch is thousands of years old,† he said, â€Å"but I'll wager Lord Snow's the first brother ever honored for burning down the Lord Commander's Tower.† The others laughed, and even Jon had to smile. The fire he'd started had not, in truth, burned down that formidable stone tower, but it had done a fair job of gutting the interior of the top two floors, where the Old Bear had his chambers. No one seemed to mind that very much, since it had also destroyed Othor's murderous corpse. The other wight, the one-handed thing that had once been a ranger named Jafer Flowers, had also been destroyed, cut near to pieces by a dozen swords . . . but not before it had slain Ser Jaremy Rykker and four other men. Ser Jaremy had finished the job of hacking its head off, yet had died all the same when the headless corpse pulled his own dagger from its sheath and buried it in his bowels. Strength and courage did not avail much against foemen who would not fall because they were already dead; even arms and armor offered small protection. That grim thought soured Jon's fragile mood. â€Å"I need to see Hobb about the Old Bear's supper,† he announced brusquely, sliding Longclaw back into its scabbard. His friends meant well, but they did not understand. It was not their fault, truly; they had not had to face Othor, they had not seen the pale glow of those dead blue eyes, had not felt the cold of those dead black fingers. Nor did they know of the fighting in the riverlands. How could they hope to comprehend? He turned away from them abruptly and strode off, sullen. Pyp called after him, but Jon paid him no mind. They had moved him back to his old cell in tumbledown Hardin's Tower after the fire, and it was there he returned. Ghost was curled up asleep beside the door, but he lifted his head at the sound of Jon's boots. The direwolf's red eyes were darker than garnets and wiser than men. Jon knelt, scratched his ear, and showed him the pommel of the sword. â€Å"Look. It's you.† Ghost sniffed at his carved stone likeness and tried a lick. Jon smiled. â€Å"You're the one deserves an honor,† he told the wolf . . . and suddenly he found himself remembering how he'd found him, that day in the late summer snow. They had been riding off with the other pups, but Jon had heard a noise and turned back, and there he was, white fur almost invisible against the drifts. He was all alone, he thought, apart from the others in the litter. He was different, so they drove him out. â€Å"Jon?† He looked up. Samwell Tarly stood rocking nervously on his heels. His cheeks were red, and he was wrapped in a heavy fur cloak that made him look ready for hibernation. â€Å"Sam.† Jon stood. â€Å"What is it? Do you want to see the sword?† If the others had known, no doubt Sam did too. The fat boy shook his head. â€Å"I was heir to my father's blade once,† he said mournfully. â€Å"Heartsbane. Lord Randyll let me hold it a few times, but it always scared me. It was Valyrian steel, beautiful but so sharp I was afraid I'd hurt one of my sisters. Dickon will have it now.† He wiped sweaty hands on his cloak. â€Å"I ah . . . Maester Aemon wants to see you.† It was not time for his bandages to be changed. Jon frowned suspiciously. â€Å"Why?† he demanded. Sam looked miserable. That was answer enough. â€Å"You told him, didn't you?† Jon said angrily. â€Å"You told him that you told me.† â€Å"I . . . he . . . Jon, I didn't want to . . . he asked . . . I mean I think he knew, he sees things no one else sees . . . â€Å" â€Å"He's blind,† Jon pointed out forcefully, disgusted. â€Å"I can find the way myself.† He left Sam standing there, openmouthed and quivering. He found Maester Aemon up in the rookery, feeding the ravens. Clydas was with him, carrying a bucket of chopped meat as they shuffled from cage to cage. â€Å"Sam said you wanted me?† The maester nodded. â€Å"I did indeed. Clydas, give Jon the bucket. Perhaps he will be kind enough to assist me.† The hunched, pink-eyed brother handed Jon the bucket and scurried down the ladder. â€Å"Toss the meat into the cages,† Aemon instructed him. â€Å"The birds will do the rest. â€Å" Jon shifted the bucket to his right hand and thrust his left down into the bloody bits. The ravens began to scream noisily and fly at the bars, beating at the metal with night-black wings. The meat had been chopped into pieces no larger than a finger joint. He filled his fist and tossed the raw red morsels into the cage, and the squawking and squabbling grew hotter. Feathers flew as two of the larger birds fought over a choice piece. Quickly Jon grabbed a second handful and threw it in after the first. â€Å"Lord Mormont's raven likes fruit and corn.† â€Å"He is a rare bird,† the maester said. â€Å"Most ravens will eat grain, but they prefer flesh. It makes them strong, and I fear they relish the taste of blood. In that they are like men . . . and like men, not all ravens are alike.† Jon had nothing to say to that. He threw meat, wondering why he'd been summoned. No doubt the old man would tell him, in his own good time. Maester Aemon was not a man to be hurried. â€Å"Doves and pigeons can also be trained to carry messages,† the maester went on, â€Å"though the raven is a stronger flyer, larger, bolder, far more clever, better able to defend itself against hawks . . . yet ravens are black, and they eat the dead, so some godly men abhor them. Baelor the Blessed tried to replace all the ravens with doves, did you know?† The maester turned his white eyes on Jon, smiling. â€Å"The Night's Watch prefers ravens.† Jon's fingers were in the bucket, blood up to the wrist. â€Å"Dywen says the wildlings call us crows,† he said uncertainty. â€Å"The crow is the raven's poor cousin. They are both beggars in black, hated and misunderstood.† Jon wished he understood what they were talking about, and why. What did he care about ravens and doves? If the old man had something to say to him, why couldn't he just say it? â€Å"Jon, did you ever wonder why the men of the Night's Watch take no wives and father no children?† Maester Aemon asked. Jon shrugged. â€Å"No.† He scattered more meat. The fingers of his left hand were slimy with blood, and his right throbbed from the weight of the bucket. â€Å"So they will not love,† the old man answered, â€Å"for love is the bane of honor, the death of duty.† That did not sound right to Jon, yet he said nothing. The maester was a hundred years old, and a high officer of the Night's Watch; it was not his place to contradict him. The old man seemed to sense his doubts. â€Å"Tell me, Jon, if the day should ever come when your lord father must needs choose between honor on the one hand and those he loves on the other, what would he do?† Jon hesitated. He wanted to say that Lord Eddard would never dishonor himself, not even for love, yet inside a small sly voice whispered, He fathered a bastard, where was the honor in that? And your mother, what of his duty to her, he will not even say her name. â€Å"He would do whatever was right,† he said . . . ringingly, to make up for his hesitation. â€Å"No matter what.† â€Å"Then Lord Eddard is a man in ten thousand. Most of us are not so strong. What is honor compared to a woman's love? What is duty against the feel of a newborn son in your arms . . . or the memory of a brother's smile? Wind and words. Wind and words. We are only human, and the gods have fashioned us for love. That is our great glory, and our great tragedy. â€Å"The men who formed the Night's Watch knew that only their courage shielded the realm from the darkness to the north. They knew they must have no pided loyalties to weaken their resolve. So they vowed they would have no wives nor children. â€Å"Yet brothers they had, and sisters. Mothers who gave them birth, fathers who gave them names. They came from a hundred quarrelsome kingdoms, and they knew times may change, but men do not. So they pledged as well that the Night's Watch would take no part in the battles of the realms it guarded. â€Å"They kept their pledge. When Aegon slew Black Harren and claimed his kingdom, Harren's brother was Lord Commander on the Wall, with ten thousand swords to hand. He did not march. In the days when the Seven Kingdoms were seven kingdoms, not a generation passed that three or four of them were not at war. The Watch took no part. When the Andals crossed the narrow sea and swept away the kingdoms of the First Men, the sons of the fallen kings held true to their vows and remained at their posts. So it has always been, for years beyond counting. Such is the price of honor. â€Å"A craven can be as brave as any man, when there is nothing to fear. And we all do our duty, when there is no cost to it. How easy it seems then, to walk the path of honor. Yet soon or late in every man's life comes a day when it is not easy, a day when he must choose.† Some of the ravens were still eating, long stringy bits of meat dangling from their beaks. The rest seemed to be watching him. Jon could feel the weight of all those tiny black eyes. â€Å"And this is my day . . . is that what you're saying?† Maester Aemon turned his head and looked at him with those dead white eyes. It was as if he were seeing right into his heart. Jon felt naked and exposed. He took the bucket in both hands and flung the rest of the slops through the bars. Strings of meat and blood flew everywhere, scattering the ravens. They took to the air, shrieking wildly. The quicker birds snatched morsels on the wing and gulped them down greedily. Jon let the empty bucket clang to the floor. The old man laid a withered, spotted hand on his shoulder. â€Å"It hurts, boy,† he said softly. â€Å"Oh, yes. Choosing . . . it has always hurt. And always will. I know.† â€Å"You don't know,† Jon said bitterly. â€Å"No one knows. Even if I am his bastard, he's still my father . . . â€Å" Maester Aemon sighed. â€Å"Have you heard nothing I've told you, Jon? Do you think you are the first?† He shook his ancient head, a gesture weary beyond words. â€Å"Three times the gods saw fit to test my vows. Once when I was a boy, once in the fullness of my manhood, and once when I had grown old. By then my strength was fled, my eyes grown dim, yet that last choice was as cruel as the first. My ravens would bring the news from the south, words darker than their wings, the ruin of my House, the death of my kin, disgrace and desolation. What could I have done, old, blind, frail? I was helpless as a suckling babe, yet still it grieved me to sit forgotten as they cut down my brother's poor grandson, and his son, and even the little children . . . â€Å" Jon was shocked to see the shine of tears in the old man's eyes. â€Å"Who are you?† he asked quietly, almost in dread. A toothless smile quivered on the ancient lips. â€Å"Only a maester of the Citadel, bound in service to Castle Black and the Night's Watch. In my order, we put aside our house names when we take our vows and don the collar.† The old man touched the maester's chain that hung loosely around his thin, fleshless neck. â€Å"My father was Maekar, the First of his Name, and my brother Aegon reigned after him in my stead. My grandfather named me for Prince Aemon the Dragonknight, who was his uncle, or his father, depending on which tale you believe. Aemon, he called me . . . â€Å" â€Å"Aemon . . . Targaryen?† Jon could scarcely believe it. â€Å"Once,† the old man said. â€Å"Once. So you see, Jon, I do know . . . and knowing, I will not tell you stay or go. You must make that choice yourself, and live with it all the rest of your days. As I have.† His voice fell to a whisper. â€Å"As I have . . . â€Å"

How far does this quotation sum up Priestleys aims and concerns in An Inspector Calls? Essay

‘We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.’ How far does this quotation sum up Priestley’s aims and concerns in An Inspector Calls? Priestley’s aim in An Inspector Calls was to send out a message to the audience about the ways in which the upper and working class treated each other during the early to mid 20th century and the importance of the effects this brings about which leads to the matter of being responsible for each other and how we are all the same as individuals. The quotation strongly sums up his message which is particularly shown through the role of Inspector Goole because it is arguably thought that Priestley has used the Inspector’s character as an alter ego to express his socialist views against a family such as the wealthy Birlings, although characters such as Sheila and Eric Birling soon prove support towards Priestley’s views. By judging the character of Inspector Goole and the way he treats the Birlings, we as the audience learn that he is in fact not a Police Inspector, because his assertive and impatient manner isn’t what a wealthy middle class family or anybody would expect from him. For example, in Act 3 the Inspector says to Mr. Birling, ‘Don’t start on that. I want to get on,’ which implies he has no respect for them despite their social status and it also implies he is in hurry, but there is no reason for any Inspector to rush because usually he would take all the time he needed. It was also his foreknowledge of Eva Smith’s death which made us question who the Inspector really was in the play because since the Inspector came in to interrogate the Birlings, Eva had always been alive as Gerald had called up the infirmary asking about the death after the Inspector had left, ‘No girl has died in there today. They haven’t had a suicide for months.’ More importantly, it was the confidence in the way the Inspector talked and how much he knew about the death before which made it seem as if he knew that Eva was going to commit suicide. The Inspector could probably have supernatural powers or he could be from the future to avenge Eva’s death, but either way he is a very mysterious character. Therefore, it does not make a different what the Inspector was, because the main purpose of his role in the play is to make the Birling family realise their responsibilities in society by forcing them to confess their experiences when they disregard the need to think of others – â€Å"You have no hope of not discussing it, Mrs. Birling.† This is why he said in his last speech, â€Å"We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.† It is Priestley’s way of warning the audience that there is a society in where we are all responsible for each other. Mr. Birling is a British conservative man and like Margaret Thatcher, he believes ‘there is no such thing as society,’ and this clearly opposes Priestley’s message. However, Priestley has used dramatic irony to create a negative first impression on Mr. Birling – â€Å"I say there isn’t a chance of war. The world’s developing so fast that it’ll make war impossible.† When we hear this as the audience, we learn that Mr. Birling is a fool who is not to be trusted as his opinions are very wrong, because the play is set in 1912 but it was first presented in 1946 so by then two world wars had occurred. From this, we can tell that Priestley wants the audience to have a low opinion of the Birlings and Capitalist politics because he believes that the society in which the Birlings represent is unfair and will lead to horrible conflicts. He has shown this by making the Birlings feel guilty and be at fault for the whole situation. This is why he downplays the roles of Mr. and Mrs. Birling and Gerald Croft because they are of the older generation who all share the same capitalist views in life, for example, Mrs. Birling does not accept any responsibility for Eva Smith – â€Å"I accept no blame for it all,† and this phrase brings out her stubbornness, ruthlessness and impertinence. None of the three particularly want to accept responsibility because they are afraid of a ‘public scandal’ which would result in a fall down the social ladder. We can tell because Gerald is continuously trying to prove the Inspector wrong – â€Å"don’t you see, there’s still no proof it was really the same girl. How do we know she was really Eva Smith or Daisy Renton?† Then Mr. and Mrs. Birling agree and so they continue to find reasons to back him up – â€Å"The whole damned thing can have been a piece of bluff.† These phrases represent how after the Inspector’s presence, they still have not learnt anything which gives an even more negative response from the audience because it shows they are so blinded by the wealthy life they live in. However, as the audience we can try to view them as ‘members of one body,’ because the Birlings are only classified as people in the upper class since they are wealthy and this is what concerns Priestley because if we take the title away we can view them as ordinary people with disagreeable personalities, so it makes no difference who they are. Priestley introduces Karl Marx’s theory through Eric and Sheila Birling, and the theory is about the ideal class where everybody is one and the same. This is more evident in the role of Sheila Birling because she changes and develops the most throughout the play into a type of person which Priestley hopes the majority would follow and understand. Firstly, when Sheila first described her time at Milwards & Co. with Eva Smith she said, â€Å"If they didn’t get rid of that girl, I’d never go near that place again.† This is an example of the type of action Priestley does not approve of because it illustrates how wealthy people think they can easily mistreat people like Eva Smith, particularly if it’s for minor reasons – she was â€Å"in a furious temper.† This is also Priestley’s way of saying to the audience that people who work in very minor jobs or are a lot poorer should still be treated with respect. Nevertheless, Sheila starts to recognise and regret her mistakes – â€Å"If I could help her now, I would/ I’ll never, never do it again to anybody.† This response is the same with Eric Birling who also realises that what he did to Eva was wrong – â€Å"It’s what happened to the girl and what we all did to her that matters.† This change of behaviour shows us that upper class people can change for the better which demonstrates how they are just like everybody else and this proves Priestley’s point in the quotation where ‘we are members of one body.’ After the Inspector left, we get the impression that Sheila is a lot more reasonable and mature than her parents and Gerald Croft, because they are not used to receiving anything but respect due to their way of living. To change things, Priestley has made Sheila and Eric become examples of the new emerging generation of a more social behaviour towards life, and this change is proven near the end of the play where Sheila talks back against her parents and takes back the respect she has given them – â€Å"I’m not being childish. If you want to know, it’s you two who are being childish – trying not to face the facts.† Like the Inspector, Sheila repeatedly reminds her family how they are responsible for people like Eva Smith – â€Å"Between us we drove that girl to commit suicide/ But that won’t bring Eva Smith back to life will it?† Priestley was a supporter of the Labour party, and he frequently made broadcasts on the radio about the merits of socialism which we can see are strongly reflected in this play. We can tell that Priestley’s concerns come across via the role of the Inspector because they both have the same point of view which is why the quotation ‘We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other,’ sums up his message. He does not tell us who the Inspector is but I believe Priestley did this intently so that the audience could be the judge and reach their own conclusions about his identity. He has proved it possible through characters such as Sheila Birling that people can change to fit in. Priestley’s concerns are even relevant in today’s society where there are still people who need to be aware of their behaviour towards others around them which therefore, is concluded by the quotation from the Inspector’s last speech.

Simple Web Page Hit Counter Code Using PHP and MySQL

Simple Web Page Hit Counter Code Using PHP and MySQL Website stats provide important information to a website owner about how the site is doing and how many people visit. A hit counter counts and displays how many people visit  a webpage. The code for a counter varies depending on the programming language used and the amount of information you want the counter to collect. If you, like many website owners, use PHP and MySQL with your website, you can generate a simple hit counter for your webpage using PHP and MySQL. The counter stores the hit totals in a MySQL database. The Code To get started, create a table to hold the counter statistics. Do that by  executing this code: CREATE TABLE counter ( counter INT( 20 ) NOT NULL );INSERT INTO counter VALUES (0); The code creates a database  table named  counter with a single field also called counter, which stores the number of hits the site receives. It is set to start at 1, and the count increases by one each time the file is called. Then the new number  is displayed. This process is accomplished with this PHP code: ?php// Connects to your Database mysql_connect(your.hostaddress.com, username, password) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_select_db(Database_Name) or die(mysql_error());//Adds one to the countermysql_query(UPDATE counter SET counter counter 1);//Retrieves the current count$count mysql_fetch_row(mysql_query(SELECT counter FROM counter));//Displays the count on your siteprint $count[0]; ? This simple hit counter doesnt give the website owner valuable information such as whether the visitor is a repeat visitor or a first-time visitor, the location of the visitor, which page was visited, or how much time the visitor spent on the page. For that, a more sophisticated analytics program is necessary. Counter Code Tips Wanting to know the number of people who visit your site makes sense. When you are comfortable with the simple counter code,  you can personalize the code in several ways to work better with your website and gather the information you seek. Customize the database, table, and code to include other informationHold the counter in a separate file and retrieve it using include ()Format the counter text using regular HTML around the include functionCreate different rows on the counter table for additional pages on your website

violence in the media essays

violence in the media essays This project is to look at violence in the media and to find out whether it influences people and there actions. There have been a lot cases in which people have committed crimes and then said they done this actions because of films. Im going to look in detail about some of theses and ask people for there opinions about violence in the media. I have got my research from many places. I have included a Video CD with clips from violent films. These films are Swordfish, Bad Boys 2, Blade 2, X men 2, Black hawk down, Snatch and Malibus most wanted Violence has always been in the media even since the birth of film. But violence is not only in one visual medium it is also in audio such as the radio and CDs. Over the past 50 years there has been a rapid increase in violence but not only in fictional violence but also in non-fiction such as the news. Could theses two things be related? Looking back through history there has always been violent films. In fact one of the first films ever made in the early 1900s showed a woman losing her head. This film left audiences believing that a woman had actually died to make this film or though obviously this is not so. With technology growing and C.G.I. (Computer generated images) films have become more violence and this has enabled more directors who use violent images in there films. A few directors who are known for their violent films are Quentin Tarantino, Guy Ritchie and Michael Bay. The first film clip on the Video CD which I mentioned in my introduction is of a Michael Bay film ca lled Bad Boys2. As real life violence has increased with the level of violence shown in films is this to say that violent directors such as Michael Bay are responsible for Violence that happens in real life or if someone imitates something they see in film? But do not be miss lead; it is not only film and TV tha...

The Most Controversial Plays of the 20th Century

The Most Controversial Plays of the 20th Century The theater is a perfect venue for social commentary and many playwrights have used their position to share their beliefs on various issues affecting their time. Quite often, they push the boundaries of what the public deems acceptable and a play can quickly become very controversial. The years of the 20th century were filled with social, political, and economic controversy and a number of plays written during the 1900s addressed these issues. How Controversy Takes Shape On the Stage An older generations controversy is the next generations banal standard. The fires of controversy often fade as time goes by. For example, when we look at Ibsens A Dolls House we can see why it was so provocative during the late 1800s. Yet, if we were to set A Dolls House in modern day America, not too many people would be shocked by the plays conclusion. We might yawn as Nora decides to leave her husband and family. We might nod to ourselves thinking, Yep, theres another divorce, another broken family. Big deal. Because theater pushes the boundaries, it often evokes heated conversations, even public outrage. Sometimes the impact of the literary work generates societal change. With that in mind, lets take a brief look at the most controversial plays of the 20th century. Springs Awakening This caustic critique by Frank Wedekind is one  of hypocrisy and societys flawed sense of morality stands up for the rights of adolescents. Written in Germany in the late 1800s, it was not actually performed until 1906. Springs Awakening is subtitled  A Childrens Tragedy. In recent years Wedekinds play (which has been banned and censored many times during its history) has been adapted into a critically acclaimed musical, and with good reason. The storyline is saturated with dark, brooding satire, teen angst, blossoming sexuality, and tales of innocence lost.The main characters are youthful, likable, and naive. The adult characters, in contrast, are stubborn, ignorant, and almost inhuman in their callousness.When the so-called moral adults rule by shame instead of compassion and openness, the adolescent characters pay a heavy toll. For decades, many theaters and critics considered Springs Awakening perverse and unsuitable for audiences, showing just how accurately Wedekind critiqued turn-of-the-century values. The Emperor Jones Although it is generally not considered the best play by Eugene ONeill, The Emperor Jones is perhaps his most controversial and cutting-edge. Why? In part, because of its visceral and violent nature. In part, because of its post-colonialist criticism. But mainly because it did not marginalize African and African-American culture in a time when openly racist minstrel shows were still considered acceptable entertainment. Originally performed in the early 1920s, the play details the rise and fall of Brutus Jones, an African-American railway worker who becomes a thief, a killer, an escaped convict, and after journeying to the West Indies, the self-proclaimed ruler of an island. Although Jones character is villainous and desperate, his corrupt value system has been derived by observing upper-class white Americans. As the island people rebel against Jones, he becomes a hunted man and undergoes a primal transformation. Drama critic Ruby Cohn writes: The Emperor Jones ​is at once a gripping drama about an oppressed American black, a modern tragedy about a hero with a flaw, an expressionist quest play probing to the racial roots of the protagonist; above all, it is more highly theatrical than its European analogues, gradually quickening the tom-tom from normal pulse-rhythm, stripping away colorful costume to the naked man beneath, subordinating dialogue to innovative lighting in order to illuminate an individual and his racial heritage. As much as he was a playwright, ONeill was a social critic who abhorred ignorance and prejudice. At the same time, while the play demonizes colonialism, the main character exhibits many immoral qualities.   Jones is by no means a role model character. African-American playwrights such as Langston Hughes, and later on Lorraine Hansberry, would create plays that celebrated the courage and compassion of black Americans. This is something not seen in ONeills work, which focuses on the turbulent lives of derelicts, both black and white. Ultimately, the diabolical nature of the protagonist leaves modern audiences wondering whether or not The Emperor Jones did more harm than good. The Childrens Hour Lillian Hellmans 1934 drama about a little girls destructive rumor touches upon what was once an incredibly taboo subject: lesbianism. Because of its subject matter, The Childrens Hour was banned in Chicago, Boston, and even London. The play tells the story of Karen and Martha, two close (and very platonic) friends and colleagues. Together, they have established a successful school for girls. One day, a bratty student claims that she witnessed the two teachers romantically entwined. In a witch-hunt style  frenzy, accusations ensue, more lies are told, parents panic and innocent lives are ruined. The most tragic event occurs during the plays climax. Either in a moment of exhausted confusion or stress-induced enlightenment, Martha confesses her romantic feelings for Karen. Karen tries to explain that Martha is simply tired  and that she needs to rest. Instead, Martha walks into the next room (off-stage) and shoots herself. Ultimately, the shame unleashed by the community became too great, Marthas feelings too difficult to accept, thus ending with a needless suicide. Although perhaps tame by todays standards, Hellmans drama paved the way for a more open discussion about social and sexual mores, ultimately leading to more modern (and equally controversial) plays, such as: Angels in AmericaTorch Song TrilogyBentThe Laramie Project Considering a rash of recent suicides due to rumors, school bullying, and hate crimes against young gays and lesbians, The Childrens Hour has taken on a new-found relevancy.   Mother Courage and Her Children Written by Bertolt Brecht in the late 1930s, Mother Courage is a stylistic yet grimly disturbing depiction of the horrors of war. The title character is a cunning female protagonist who believes that she will be able to profit from war. Instead, as the war rages on for twelve years, she beholds the death of her children, their lives vanquished by the culminating violence. In a particularly grisly scene, Mother Courage watches the body of her recently executed son being tossed into a pit. Yet she does not acknowledge him for fear of being identified as the mother of the enemy. Although the play is set in the 1600s, the anti-war sentiment resonated amongst audience during its debut in 1939 and beyond. Over the decades, during such conflicts as the Vietnam War and the wars in Iraq  and Afghanistan, scholars and theater directors have turned to Mother Courage and Her Children, reminding audiences of the horrors of war. Lynn Nottage was so moved by Brechts work she traveled to war-torn Congo in order to write her intense drama, Ruined. Although her characters exhibit much more compassion than Mother Courage, we can see the seeds of Nottages inspiration. Rhinoceros Perhaps the perfect example of the Theater of the Absurd,  Rhinoceros is based upon a deviously strange concept: Humans are turning into rhinos. No, its not a play about the Animorphs and its not a science-fiction fantasy about were-rhinos (although that would be awesome). Instead, Eugene Ionescos play is a warning against conformity. Many view the transformation from human to rhino as a symbol of conformism. The play is often seen as a warning against the rise of deadly political forces such as Stalinism and fascism. Many believe that dictators such as Stalin and Hitler must have brainwashed the  citizens  as if the population was somehow fooled into accepting an immoral regime. However, in contrast to popular belief, Ionesco demonstrates how some people, drawn toward the bandwagon of conformity, make a conscious choice to abandon their individuality, even their  humanity  and succumb the forces  of society.

The varying role of IHRM in different MNCs Essay

The varying role of IHRM in different MNCs - Essay Example IHRM related learning and training â€Å"The overall purpose of human resource management is to ensure that the organisation is able to achieve success through people† (Armstrong, 2006, p.14). Human capital development, then, should be the focus of the definition of international human resource management, a difficult objective in a multi-national organisation that deals with customers and employees with varying values and different operational standards in environments that demand different regulatory compliance. Human resources involves maintaining flexibility and focus on the internal dynamics that drive or hinder organisational success as it relates to people development. â€Å"It emphasizes teamwork and employee commitment through the development of a strong value system that promotes corporate identity† (Panayotopoulou & Papalexandris, 2004, p.499). The main goal of IHRM is to establish a highly motivational environment and employee support related to merit awards, equal opportunities, involvement , empowerment, communication and individual or group development (Panayotopoulou & Papalexandris). This is especially true in an MNC where cultural values often conflict and a system is required to gain unity and harmony among differing employee attitudes and motivational preferences. It was first necessary to define the objectives of international HRM in order to determine best practice methodology for the MNC as it relates to people development and/or job satisfaction. In relation to organisational learning, especially as it pertains to training, conflict is a major consideration of the HR manager. van Dam, Oreg & Schyns (2008) identify that there are many psychological mechanisms that drive employee attitude as it relates to change leadership. It is leader-member exchanges and the perceived development climate that are the major concerns of IHRM leadership especially in an environment where a merger has just occurred where participation and trust in management require intensive focus (van Dam, et al.).In the MNC, especially a recently merged entity, change is constant and evolution of business practices are on the forefront of business development. Thus, in order to provide training that will be embraced by diverse employee or management groups or ensure organ isational learning, removing the barriers to success that are caused by change resistance are of considerable concern. For instance, one of the most fundamental issues arising in a recent merger or acquisition at the MNC is the restructuring of technology either through

Explain the advanatages and disadvantages to an organization using Essay

Explain the advanatages and disadvantages to an organization using computer based training versus lecture training - Essay Example The communication technology provides a highly innovative approach to training as opposed to the traditional methodology which is fast becoming obsolete. Hence, in the changing environment of business imperatives, the organizations are opting for training their employees and staff in the emerging new skills to meet the challenges of the time. According to a recent study, ‘the task of finding, retaining, developing, and deploying a skilled workforce to meet an organization’s objectives is the number one obstacle to revenue growth’ (Julian, 2001). They have realized the importance of such programs, especially in the light of rapid globalization which has made business more competitive and complex, with regard to transforming socio-economic paradigms and multi-cultural values. According to a study by Sugrue & Kim, ‘more than half of technology based courses in 2003 were delivered online’(Sugrue & Kim, 2004). Another survey reports that ‘the majority of learning executives anticipated increasing use of online platforms to deliver higher education to their employees’ (Trierweller & Rivera, 200 5). To have a cost effective training programs, the organizations need to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of using computer based training versus traditional classroom based lecture training. We would be carrying an in-depth study into the two models of training programs. The process of globalization has changed the dynamics of the business world. Change has become essential for development and organizations tend to adapt to the constantly evolving business environment through appropriate training and learning modules that promote better understanding among the employees for easy changeover. â€Å"Organizations must change because their environments change† (Bateman, 1990). They implement necessary changes in the organization to not only survive but

Business ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business ethics - Research Paper Example The alternative is a possibility of traits that are long. Various different traits from successful leaders and leadership positions are identified, and the descriptions are generalities. The focus allows for agreements on the traits with most relevance to effective leadership and theory complexity (Crane & Matten, 2007). In this case, the theory has implications on Robert Nardelli’s approach to leadership. Trait theory awards constructive information on leadership. The focus applies to people across levels from distinct forms of organizations. Management utilizes such information within the theory in evaluating their focus in the organization as well as assessing how the position could be strengthened in the firm (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2012). Robert Nardelli’s traits include characteristics such as physical vitality and stamina as well as action-oriented and intelligence judgment. It is impactful to have eagerness in accepting responsibility and enhancing task competence. Robert Nardelli shows an understanding of the company stakeholders, followers, and respective needs (OSullivan, Smith & Esposito, 2012). Top management involves skill derived from people and necessary achievement of capacity in the motivation of people. Robert Nardelli showed courage and resolution through trustworthiness and decisiveness in outcomes. Nardelli displayed features of assertiveness, self-confidence, adaptability and flexibility (Crane & Matten, 2007). Contingency/Situational leadership theory concerns the context to which applied leadership is unaccounted for based on Behavioral and Traits theories. Robert Nardelli’s focus is to the situational variables where he modified his leadership styles to personal characteristics and context of a current situation (Baack, 2012). Proponents of the theory add that effective leadership identifies when to adapt their personal characteristics for

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) Assignment

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) - Assignment Example Levels of evidence explored in Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt’s SRR vary in research designs of the literature used. The SRR utilized evidence from research articles and books. First, reliable applications of evidence-based practices in healthcare frameworks formed a level of evidence. Nurses in Magnet organizations reported these applications in higher levels. Magnet organizations were the designs of the first research works used by Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Second, the accessibility of professionals of evidence-based practices was proof of the SRR’s viability. Third, organizational cultures that supported evidence-based practices were proof of the SRR’s flexibility and comprehensiveness. In addition, there were no substantial differences in items associated with the requirements and access to sustenance of evidence-based practices. Critique of the Clarity with Which the Studies are Presented and Critiqued The clarity that Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt use to present and critique the studies in the SRR is exceptional. The researchers provide a discussion of the variances between research designs of study application and models of evidence-based practices. Both ideological variances, as well as the variances in physician competencies required and critiqued. Study models of evidence-based practices used by the writers are debated in differing levels of detail. For instance, Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt discuss the Iowa Model, Larrabee's model, and Kitson's model differently.

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example Their initial dabble at organizing their favorite websites into categories had transformed into a million-hits-directory website which offered a search feature to visitors, allowing them to search for web content by browsing categories. Considering that there had been no search engine before Yahoo!, it is safe to say that before the entry of the first mover, the industry had no other player in the category. The industry of the internet was a slow cycle industry since the product still exists in today’s world. However, the technology running and defining this network had a very fast cycle. Technology became obsolete very soon and firms were forced to keep innovating and improving their product offering in order to stay afloat. Many of the innovations brought about in this relatively new field were from garages and university dorms as was in the case of Yahoo!. When Yahoo! was initially launched, it was a little more than an organized directory of a handful of websites which the friends, families and peers of the two PHD students at Stanford University used to navigate the web. However, only a year later in 1995, the immense growing popularity of the website prompted the founders to actively pursue the concept as a business and set up their own company with the help of start up funds from venture capitalists.

Quality and Information Systems Strategies Essay

Quality and Information Systems Strategies - Essay Example In accordance with the above study, the ability of firms around the world to capture and interpret knowledge is depended on a series of factors; the size of the firm and its financial strength has been proved to be critical factors regarding the ability of a firm to manage knowledge throughout its departments. The various forms of knowledge within modern organizations can be observed in Figure 1 (Appendix) where these forms are set hierarchically in order for the importance to be identified. The effective management of knowledge in modern firms is crucial in order for the various strategic plans developed within a specific organization to be appropriate, i.e. to lead to the achievement of the targets set by the firm’s strategic management team. The above assumption is also supported by Steyn (2004) who stated that ‘successful organisations are knowledge-creating organisations, which produce, disseminate and embody new knowledge in new products and services’ (Steyn , 2004, 615). In other words, gathering, evaluation and distribution of knowledge across modern organization is a highly important part of the organizational activity supporting the development of strategic plans that are effective both in the short and the long term. For this reason, firms of all sizes have tried to establish IT systems that will be able to capture, evaluate and distribute the knowledge required for the ‘smooth’ development of all organizational activities as well as for the growth of the firm in the long term. Establishing the IS required for the development of corporate activities is a challenging task for all managers worldwide – no matter the size of the firm involved. Towards this direction, it is supported by Reid et al. (2004) that managers in modern organizations should have a ‘strategic foresight that can play a significant role in the long term success, or failure, of business

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example Their initial dabble at organizing their favorite websites into categories had transformed into a million-hits-directory website which offered a search feature to visitors, allowing them to search for web content by browsing categories. Considering that there had been no search engine before Yahoo!, it is safe to say that before the entry of the first mover, the industry had no other player in the category. The industry of the internet was a slow cycle industry since the product still exists in today’s world. However, the technology running and defining this network had a very fast cycle. Technology became obsolete very soon and firms were forced to keep innovating and improving their product offering in order to stay afloat. Many of the innovations brought about in this relatively new field were from garages and university dorms as was in the case of Yahoo!. When Yahoo! was initially launched, it was a little more than an organized directory of a handful of websites which the friends, families and peers of the two PHD students at Stanford University used to navigate the web. However, only a year later in 1995, the immense growing popularity of the website prompted the founders to actively pursue the concept as a business and set up their own company with the help of start up funds from venture capitalists.

Using examples, critically discuss the importance of gastronomy to at Essay - 1

Using examples, critically discuss the importance of gastronomy to at festivals - Essay Example In today’s tourism industry, destinations are presenting food as a key element of their package to attract tourists. The objective of this essay is to analyze the role of gastronomy at festivals. A very good example of festival and trade based on gastronomy is Whitstable Oyster Festival in Kent. It is one of the ancient food festivals in the UK (Hall et al, 2008). It celebrates the tradition of the oyster industry in Kent. Haven-Tang et al (2006) have discussed the role of food festival in developing a sense of place. In the context of Monmouthshire food festival, the focus on local food and drink has been reported to have significant positive impact on the local economy Haven-Tang et al (2006). Moreover, it has proved that the emphasis on local food and drink through these festivals improve the visitor experience as well. A very interesting gastronomy project that was customized and exclusively designed for the promotion of local food and community was the ‘Eat the View’ project developed by the UK countryside agency. The festivals as part of this are reported to have created awareness among the travelers on the local food and culture and have had substantial positive influence on the promotion of local food ventures (Hall, 2005). The Great British Food Festival - Staffordshire, The Colchester Food and Drink Festival are some among a lot of food festivals coming up in the UK confirming the increasing role of gastronomy in tourism. Wine festivals are reported to be of great potential in the context of the United Kingdom (Hall et al, 2008). The ‘Taste of London Festival’ which was conducted in Regent Street in the summer of 2007, was a gourmet festival which is reported to have important role in improving awareness among the tourists on British Food. This brand of food festiva l was later replicated in the cities of Bath, Edinburgh, Birmingham and Dublin (Hall et al, 2008). The impact of

Falconry Essay Example for Free

Falconry Essay Falconry, also known as hawking, is a form of hunting which involves the use of trained hawks and falcons to prey on other animals. Falconry may be considered one of the oldest sports, dating back over 4,000 years ago in Egypt and China that is still practiced today. Falconry was considered a status symbol, restricted to noble classes, in medieval Europe and a way of obtaining food. Falconry still exists today with more than 3,800 licensed falconers in the United States. Historically, falconry was not only a popular sport but was considered a status symbol among the aristocracy of medieval Europe. Legend has it that a Persian King watched a falcon kill another bird and ordered his men to capture the falcon. The king kept the falcon with him at all times, learned many lessons from it and was considered the first falconer. The origin of falconry can be traced back to 2000 BC through ancient writings, drawings and artifacts. There is debate as to when and where falconry originated, however, some historians place its origin in Asia around the second century A. D. and then spread west, while other historians place the origin in Arabia or the Middle East based on records dated 8,000 BC, found of a king who used birds of prey. It is known that by the fourth century, falconry had spread through Western Europe and Britain. Most of the information about falconry comes from its popularity in medieval Europe and the Middle East during the middle ages. The sport of falconry began to decline in popularity during the 1700 and 1 +-*. 800s because of the decline of nobility and the increased use of firearms to kill animals for food and for sport. However, by the 1900s, its popularity was renewed and the largest falconry association, the Peregrine Blub was established in the United States. Falconry is now legal in the United States in all states except Hawaii and the District of Columbia. State and federal licenses are required to practice this sport. Falconry not only exists today in the United States but also is practiced throughout the world. Originally, the purpose of falconry was to obtain food to eat, however, nobility (Kings of Britain, Russian Czars and the Holy roman Emperors) shifted this purpose to one of social entertainment. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily and Jerusalem was considered to be the greatest falconer of the medieval age. Falconry became so popular that it became regulated with a strict set of customs called the Laws of Ownership. These laws dictated what type of birds could be owned by various social ranks. The table shown below gives a partial listing of social rank and appropriate bird. There were also severe punishments including time in jail to anyone who harmed a falcon’s bird nest, eggs, and young or took a falcon from the wild that did not belong to you. One of the most severe punishments was given to a person who flew a bird above what your rank permitted. This punishment was having your hand cut off. Social rank and appropriate bird (adapted from original table) King| Gyr Falcon| Prince| Peregrine Falcon| Knight| Saker| Squire| Lanner| Lady| Female Merlin| Priest| Female Sparrowhawk| Knaves, servants, children| Kestrel| Adapted from The Ancient Art of Falconry The players in this sport are the falconer and his or her raptor. The falconer is the person that handles or trains the raptor. Their principle responsibilities were to ensure that his master’s birds of prey, raptors, were fully trained, well-fed and ready to hunt when called upon. The raptor is a bird of prey with a hooked beak for tearing meat, and powerful, hooked talons for grasping and holding prey. Not all raptors are suitable for falconry. Suitable raptors can be grouped by the way they are flown at the prey and are divided into three categories: broad-winged hawks, short-wing hawks and long-wing hawks. The broad-wing hawks (Buteos) include the Golden Eagles, Buzzards and Harris hawk that hunt rabbits and other ground game. They are also known as the â€Å"bombers†. The short-wing hawks (Accipiters) are used to hunt other birds in wooded or bushy terrain and include goshawks. They are called the â€Å"attack helicopters. † The long-winged hawks, considered the â€Å"true† falcons, are considered the â€Å"fighter jets. † They hunt other birds, such as waterfowl in open country. The Peregrine Falcons, Gyrfalcon, Lanner Falcon and the American Kestrel are included in this group. The different physical characteristics of these raptors allow the hunter to vary his or her hunting method. Each of the various physical characteristics allows adaptation to their hunting environment. The buteos will usually perch in high trees and then dive on the prey out in the open, hence the name â€Å"bomber†. Because the Accipiters have short wings, they can easily maneuver and can chase their prey through the various terrains, similar to â€Å"attack helicopters. † The long-winged hawks, â€Å"fighter jets†, circle hundreds of feet in the air and then stoop at very high speeds (averaging 25-34 mph and reaching up to 200 mph) to knock their prey out of the sky using their feet as fists. Broad-winged-buzzardShort-winged-Goshawk Long-winged-Peregrine Falconmonacoeye. com goshawk dove4. jpg mysideofthemountain. wikispaces. com The relationship between the falconer and raptor is very important and training a falcon is not easy. Although the raptor is not a pet, it is trained to accept the presence of their trainer in their natural pursuit of prey. Great skill and patience is involved when training falcons. A falcon responds to its trainer not out of affection or fear but out of the association of a trainer to its only source of food. The first stage of training is called manning. In this stage, the tethered raptor becomes accustomed to being handled and eating food from a gloved hand. During the next stage, a tethered raptor is rewarded with food for flying short distances and returning. The use of a hood on the bird kept the bird calm and prevents distractions while it is preparing to fly. Once a tethered raptor has learned to fly to his trainer consistently, the raptor can be brought out to an open meadow where they are taught to rise from the owner’s wrist on command and gain the experience of hunting. The introduction to the swing-lure is part of this next phase of training. A string is attached to one of the bird’s claws and the bird had circled around it would be reeled in at the falconer’s command. When the raptor makes a kill, the reward is only a small piece of the kill because only hungry raptors hunt. If the raptor is not hungry, it is possible that it will not return to the falconer. One of the misconceptions is that the raptor will bring back its kills to the falconer. The falconer must find his raptor; some use a dog as part of the team, and exchanges a fresh piece of meat for the catch. irportjournals. com Falconry became popular again in America in 1920 after an issue in the National Geographic Magazine published an article â€Å"Falconry, the sport of Kings†. Unfortunately, just as interest in falconry was peaking, the raptors were beginning to die due to synthetic chemical poisons such as DDT. This poison caused reproductive failure in many of the raptor birds including the peregrine falcon. The United States banned the use of DDT and enacted the Endangered Species Act that gave protection to some bird species including the Peregrine Falcon. Two U. S. falconers, Tom Cade and Heinz Meng, began a captive-breeding program to lead repopulation efforts of these endangered species. Their program has been very successful by breeding and releasing thousands of peregrines. The practice of modern day falconry is very similar to traditional falconry with some minor modifications. These modifications include: use of transmitters, type of birds used and the ability to use captive-breed birds. Often transmitters are now placed on the falcon in order to help a falconer locate his bird from several miles away. The type of birds used in modern falconry has increased. Birds such as the Red-Tail and Harris’ Hawk are two new additions that have been successfully used. Finally, ancient falconry required that a falconer trap his own bird from the wild. Today, falconers have the ability to selectively breed and hybridize their own birds. This came about during the time of repopulation efforts of the endangered Peregrine Falcon. Modern day falconry is currently being practiced in many countries around the world including the United States and is legal in all states except Hawaii and in the District of Columbia. The biggest change from traditional falconry is the restraints and legalities under which falconers must practice their sport. A falconer must possess both a state and federal license in addition to serving as an apprentice for 2 years under a licensed falconer. Only at this time, can the falconer possess either an American kestrel or a red-tailed hawk legally. Presently, there are over 10,000 licensed falconers in the United States. Falconry seems like a very interesting sport that I would definitely be interested in learning more about. If I had enough money and time, I might consider becoming a falconer as one of my hobbies.

Unilever Ethical Issues

Unilever Ethical Issues Unilever is employed 2, 27,000 people in approximately 150 countries. This company always tries to maintain their employee rights and responsibilities. To focus some employee rights of Unilever in below: To protect the health and safety of employees at work To must respect employees fundamental rights To encourage personal development of employees To provide training facilities on chemicals or dangerous job To inform employees about serious workplace hazards To assure the employees job security To evaluate the employees on the basis of their working performance Conflicts Most of the conflicts happen on local or national level. Generally, plant closures and opposition of employees are involved in conflicts. In Europe, the management of Unilever is promoted to attract new investors and securing the employees jobs. But in other regions, conflicts increase when Unilever rejects to build up the freely-elected unions as the courier of the employees and turns to threatening employees to shock away from the unions and attempts to make a company-friendly manager-made union. In India, conflicts occur when the employees decrease due to the shift of production to other sites. For example- Garden Reach detergents factory at Calcutta in India reduces employees due to move production to new areas. Responsibilities Manufacturing Department Unilever is mainly engaged in manufacturing its food and home personal care products in 150 countries around the world. The main responsibilities of this department are: Increasing production with no additional manufacturing cost. To invest in local manufacturing firms and contribute to local trade and industry development. To improve the eco-efficiency to the manufacturing sites. Distribution Department The main aim of distribution department is to be the supplier of choice for their potential customer and to ensure that consumers use their product through different distribution channel. To show some responsibilities of distribution department are given below: To work in joint venture with retailers on sustainability issues. To support retailers in educating consumers on health. Reducing environmental impacts resulting from distribution of the Products. To ensure consumers everywhere have right to use to products. To use and promote environmentally-friendly refrigeration technology. Marketing Department The marketing department of Unilever communicates responsibly with their consumers through advertising and marketing strategy. This department focuses on some responsibilities: To take a responsible approach to marketing and advertising. To help consumers make healthier choices for their diet. To ensure consumer self-confidence in chemicals used in home and personal care products. To help consumers to reduce their environmental impacts and to dispose of their products responsibly. Branding Department Recently, Unilever is owned approximately 2000 different brands worldwide. It is acquired many local or national companies which legacy continued for a long time. The branding departments responsibilities are furnished under: To create brand awareness of Unilevers products. To built preference and loyalty of brands. To maintain the branding quality. Research Development Department Through the investment in research and development, Unilever meets the diverse and changing needs of consumers in all the markets. Some responsibilities of this department are also shown below: To enhance the nutritional quality of foods. To minimize the difficult environmental impacts of the products. Integrating social, economic and environmental factors into brand development plans. To research and promote alternatives to animal testing. Marketing Unilevers marketing strategies are tightly aligned to focus on deployment and brand building through their products. The company ensures that their products are high-quality and maintain the standard product line too. On the whole, Unilevers marketing strategies are divided into three categories- target marketing, market segmentation and market positioning. Target Marketing Unilever has launched over 2000 brands still now. Consequently, they are followed different target marketing strategies according to variation of products brands. For example, Lipton tea is a popular branded product of Unilever and this company uses niche marketing strategy for this product. On the other hand, they also support mass marketing strategy for some common world-wide products such as Lux, All Clear, Sunsilk, Dove, Heartbrand ice creams and so on. Market Segmentation Unilevers market segments basically depends on four business categories-Personal Care; Home Care; Savoury, Dressings Spreads; and Ice Cream Beverages. By going after segments instead of the whole market, Unilever can distribute just the right value scheme to each sector served and capture more value in return. Its market segmentation is very effective because the purchasing power of Unilevers product and profiles of segment can be measured, its product can easily be reached to the potential customers. Market Positioning Unilever is one of the well-known market leaders that capture the global market positioning by their core-product activities. Their main aim is to be confined the market positioning through the following: 1) The purchase national companies 2) To invest in a green field site in that country 3) To import (when possible and profitable) from outside sources. Unilevers turnover was highest in 2002. So, their sales growth also rises during that year. But the following year, their turnover is decreasing day by day. And in 2005, due to Halal Soap concept, their turnover take the lowest position that means their sales growth is few. We also see that their turnover is increasing from 2005 to 2008. As a result companys sales growth also enlarges. At last, Unilever are trying to achieve the highest position again also trying to hold the global market successfully. Information technology The innovative employees of Unilever use a common information system to share best practices and abruptly introduce new products around the global. They think that information technology is the best equipment to finish their job successfully. In general they are made the OSBC benchmarking process because of tracking its innovative rate, underlying volume growth and spending on Research Development. Unilevers information technology designs on the basis of information structure, setting policies for sourcing, compliance and data protection. Communication Communication is any kind of connection. It may be internal or external. Unilevers communication system is very good and this company follows a effective communication procedures. The employees in Unilever are interrelated by communicating their daily activities such as preparing accounting report, attending organizations cultural program, creating friendly environment with their colleague etc. Unilever tackles complaints from external stakeholders such as consumers, suppliers, wholesalers, and stockholder and so on. Still there is no recognized policy to conduct external complaints handling. They have a third party handle external enquiries made via the website, email and letters. Basically, this companys success depends on good relationship with large group of people and organization who have stake in its business. Freedom of action The board of Unilever is responsible to practice an active process for compliance, monitoring and reporting to the high level about employee performance. They are ensured that employees can put the strategy into action. Unilever argue that the freedom of association and rights of employees to engage in constructive collective bargaining within the host country law. Basically, Unilever gives their employees moderate freedom of action. This organization values depends on their workers on basis of action performance and also provide rewards for better presentation. Unilever always try to motivating their employees by different types of activities like workshop, recreational activities, and also bestow huge liberty to their stroke. Additionally, all employees of Unilever have had access to a toll-free 24-hour ethics telephone hotline worldwide from 2004. This hotline allows employees to raise any concerns in absolute confidence. Censorship on the internet Unilevers censorship is rigorously controlled to protect the accessing information on the internet. All other multinational companies like Unilever is also involved with internet and give the company information and its growth on internet. But recently securing their information, they are increased e-mail monitoring to the retention of Web logs and communication data. At the same time, Governments have happen to more secretive about the companys activities, dropping information that was before available and declining to adhere to policies on freedom of information. Besides that, Unilever would appreciate and follow the ethics of the internet. Computer and work Computer has grasped every side of activities of the modern universe and that is why present world is called computer world. At present time, any organization does not finish their work efficiently without using the computer. Accordingly, Unilever are controlled their all working activities by computerized system such as using computerized machines, equipments for production and research development. Similarly, they also use modern technology which is made by computers to access in global communication process, increasing global marketing and so on. Law When Unilever starts business in a country, this company must obey that countrys federal and provincial legislation as it is enacted and also applicable legislation in jurisdictions. Unilever operations in commands with less strict privacy laws are anticipated to construct all rational efforts to meet the requirements. Unilever or any of its directors, officers, employees, agents or representatives should be loyal for maintaining the every countrys law procedures. Security Unilever is applied fire and burglar detection as well as inspection solutions for the warehouse. This company provides 400 brands spanning 14 sorts of home, personal care and foods products. They are strictly observed to grant an access control, fire burglar detection and inspection solution method for securing their warehouse. They also set up the close-circuit camera to make a decision on-site based on practical revelations of the field of sight and the preferred result. At present, Unilever drives an audit system on trail of loading, off loading, weighing procedures, visitor movement, health and safety compliance, compliance with other internal controls and procedures from an accounting point of view. Answer to the Assignment Question No. 2 Country overview The kingdom of Bhutan is renowned as a landlocked nation in South Asia and is situated at the eastern end of the Himalaya Mountains. It is alienated from the close by state of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim and from Bangladesh to the south by West Bengal. Bhutan is also a lonely country in the world. But now, Bhutan is developed in their different sectors including direct international flights, the internet, mobile phone networks and even cable television have increased to modernize the urban areas of this country. The legal system The legal system of Bhutan is determined mainly by Royal High Court of Bhutan, which is selected by the sovereign. This legal system primarily based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ (International Court of justice) jurisdiction. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal broadcasted the first set of Bhutanese laws and this law was completed in 1652 during the reign of Deb Umzed Tenzin Drugyel who is the first temporal ruler. It was footed closely on Buddhist principles and tackled the violation of both temporal and spiritual laws. These laws include ten pious acts, known as Lhachoe Gyewa Chu and the sixteen virtuous acts of social piety, referred to as Michoe Tsangma Chudrug. The 10th Desi, Mipham Wangp o merged and adjusted the certain parts of the code of Zhabdrung. The 13th Desi, Chogyal Sherub Wangchuk, ready certain amendments of the Code in the mid 18th century. Afterwards, the first and the second Druk Gyalpo also made extra amendments. During the reign of the Third Druk Gyalpo, the national assembly endorsed the first comprehensive codified law known as the Thrimzhung Chhenmo. After that, some amendments and legislations are added to the changing needs of him Bhutanese nation. Sources of law The sources of law on which the jurists have put on their consensus are as follows: Custom Custom is described as the twilight of law in Bhutan which resides in habitual practice and usages. To acquire force of law, the Bhutanese custom must have the following ingredients: a) Antiquity b) reasonableness c) conformity with statutory law d) observation as a right e) consistency with morality and public policy. Religion Religion is also an important source of law. Bhutanese law provides for freedom of religion, thought and conscience. The Bhutanese people support both Kagyupa and Nyingmapa Buddhist monasteries. The noble family follows a combination of Nyingmapa and Kagyupa Buddhism. On the other hand, the government are restricting the celebration of some non-Buddhist religious festivals and limiting construction of non-Buddhist religious buildings, although many people openly practice Hinduism in the southern areas of Bhutan. Equity Equity means natural justice. In Bhutan there are three main courts I) The High Court II) the Supreme Court III) The Dzongkhag Court. The High Court made up 7 to 9 Judges, which is controlled by the Chief Justice of Bhutan. A Dzongkhag court that means District court includes of a minimum of single judge and a maximum of three judges. A Dungkhag court that means Sub-district court involves of one judge. The justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the chief justice and seal on the proposal of the National Judicial Commission from among persons of high honesty who are acknowledged authorities on the laws of Bhutan. The interested person should at least work as a High Justice for seven years to be appointed as the Justices of the Supreme Court. Precedent Precedent means the judge-made law. It is an essential source of law. Circumstances of Bhutanese law which destroy or weaken the binding force of precedent are: a) abrogated decision b) reversal on a different ground c) ignorance of status d) inconsistency with earlier decision of Higher Court e) inconsistency between earlier decisions of the same rank f) decisions of equally divided Courts g) erroneous decisions and so on. Legislation Legislation is the biggest sources of law. In National Assembly of Bhutan practices a large volume of legislation law. At present, the current issues such as drug abuse, terrorism problems etc. affecting the legislation process. The Bhutanese government tries to develop their legislation policy and implement that effectively. Court structure The courts in Bhutan consist of the Supreme Court, the High Court, the Dzongkhag Courts, the Dungkhag Courts, and any other Courts that may be established from time to time. At present, the Bhutanese legal system has maintained three types of court system: Figure 2: The Court Structure of Bhutan The High Court: The High Court is the highest court of law in Bhutan. It was established in 1968 is the apex Court presided by the Chief Justice of Bhutan. It has three Benches and a minimum of two judges encompass a Bench. The High Court exercises original jurisdiction as well as appellate and extra-territorial jurisdiction. The High Court possesses intrinsic powers and exercises extra-territorial jurisdiction on the basis of international law principles as with the Supreme Court. At the moment, it places at the apex of the Bhutanese judicial system and is controlled over by the Chief Justice of Bhutan. The Dzongkhag Court: Bhutan is geographically divided into twenty districts and each district has a District Court. The first Dzongkhag (District) Court of Bhutan was established in 1960/61. The District Court is made up of one Bench some District Courts have division Benches too. The District Court exercises unique jurisdiction in all cases in its defensive jurisdiction. The District Court system of Bhutan is leaded by a Dzongkhag drangpon. Every Dzongkhag drangpon is aided by one or more drangpon rabjams. The Dungkhag Court: The Dungkhag Court that means the Sub-District Court is the lowest formal court in Bhutan. It was established in 1978. The Dungkhag Court practices creative jurisdiction in all cases in their territorial jurisdiction. It is supervised by a Dungkhag Drangpon. Different forms of business allowed to operate and the laws governing them Banking business: The banking business in Bhutan is increasing slowly as the country has practiced in modernization. Every bank in Bhutan is established by following Financial Institution Act of Bhutan and The Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Act, 1982. The Royal Monetary Authority is responsible to issue the currency, implement the monetary policy, organize financial institution activities, and hold the governments foreign exchange earnings. Non-banking financial institution also set up to contribute countrys economic growth. Telecom business: Bhutan telecom industry is growing day by day. The government of Bhutan is giving the excusive opportunities to develop this sector. Every company who is related to telecom business must be practiced the Bhutan Telecom Act. The renowned companies such as Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco, Ericsson, Huawei, Motorola, Nokia Siemens Networks, Nortel and Tellabs are doing their business successfully effectively in Bhutan. Medical health care business: Bhutans medical health care systems are urbanized in the early 1960s. In that time, a department of public health and the opening of new medical hospital are established to serve the Bhutanese people but have no medical law. At present time, all medical hospitals and health care centre are pursued cite as Medical and Health Council Act, 2002 Medical Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Postal Business: The Bhutan postal system is facing to alarming change in the 1990. The national postal network consists of 90 channels which is included by 2 General Post Offices, 43 Post Offices, 3 Agency Post Offices and 42 Community Mail Offices. And it is followed cite as Bhutan Postal Corporation Act, 1999. At present fax, Internet, e-mail or electronic bill payments is the core postal business in Bhutan. Information Media Business: The Infocomm and media authority in Bhutan are doing hard job to develop this sector. A law is passed on information media sector and it refer to Bhutan Information, Communication Media Act, 2006. The Bhutanese government make easy to increase speed growth of the ICT and media markets and pick up delivery of services. Transport Services: The Road Safety Transport Authority (RSTA) has begun to provide transport services in Bhutan in an organized way. The government of Bhutan made up a law for maintaining the transportation services mention as The Road Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2004 and Road safety Transportation Act, 1999. At present condition, the numbers of transports are increased rapidly during the last decades. Dispute resolution procedures/options available and their effectiveness The dispute resolution procedures/options available are accomplished in the place designed by The Royal Government of Bhutan. Its main function is to deal with complex matters facts and find out a effective solution as soon as possible. For example, Royal Government of Bhutan is formed a hydropower projects to account for the relevant legal, technical, environmental, social and financial issues. Laws relating to Copyrights: The copyright act of Bhutan was cited as The Copyright Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2001. This law has become especially relevant because of tremendous growth of the use of internet. The rights under copyright are encouraged to the authors and artists by securing their works and derive income from them. Trademarks: Bhutan is a tiny country moving the northern border of India and adjourning Nepal. The trademarks law has made recently in Bhutan in 1997 that is followed by the Industrial Property Regulation 1997. The registration of trademarks create great value to a business- the owner of the registered trademark can use in many ways, he/she can earn the exclusive legal rights to use and licensing or selling it within Bhutan for his products or services. Patents: A patent is a contract between the government of Bhutan and an inventor. It provides protection for the creation to the owner of the patent. Generally, it is followed by Industrial property Regulation 1997 and it is granted for a restricted time such as 20 years in Bhutan. Actually, Patents present incentives to persons by offering them to acknowledgment for their creative work and material reward for their saleable inventions. These incentives persuade innovation which declares that the quality of human life needs continuously improvement. Designs: In general design means a products overall form and functions. The designs law is controlled by the Industrial Property Regulation 1997. Truly, designs are applied in individually crafted products like technical and medical instrument and luxury items, electrical appliances, cars, architectural structures, textile designs, furniture, toys, household products, sports equipment, product packaging and containers etc. Answer to the Assignment Question No. 3 Globalization Unilever is the leading united global foods and home and personal care Company in the world. It is rising powerfully in developing and emerging markets to fight with other competitors. In an age of globalization, Unilevers neighboring bosses are becoming kings who take vital strategic decisions separately. There are replication and even triplication of corporate formations, generating needless complications. The effects of globalization are influenced strongly to Unilevers worldwide businesses. When Unilever starts operations in Indonesia and South Africa and more newly in Vietnam, have specified them a more exhaustively understanding of their crashes on the local economy. In 1995, Unilever had started its operations in Vietnam and this company maintained close relationship with its suppliers because they were accounting because the companys production volume was 40 per cent, its raw materials were 20 per cent and 87 per cent of its packaging materials. Unilever Company-the supplier relationship was meaningful because both parties needed one another to be succeeded. Unilever roped its suppliers through training and technology transfers. It also proposed them such kind of financial support to raise their equipment. In turn, the suppliers were supplied to Unilever with sophisticated packaging facilities. This relationship are encouraged Unilever to set up their business globally and they are also learned how treat to global suppliers competitor for establishing their position in the peak. However, Unilever also faces negative effects that changes it global strategy. Recession in America will contain unplanned effects in the rest of the world. On the other hand, prices for food merchandise and energy will stay inflexibly sky-scraping. Like most of its opponents, Unilever will include to enlarge its prices for food as well as household and personal-care products. As a result, it hits sales of Unilever products especially in emerging economies. ÂÂ   Developments in information, Communications and Technology (including internet) Unilever has done its informational activities through an automation process by using the internet. At present, Unilevers automation systems are so much developed. They collect and distribute their all information by a computerization system which is involved with internet. As a result, the customers of Unilever get easily its company information, about new brands, its research project news and so on in their global website. The Communication strategy of Unilever are residential tied into the points of the project such as awareness, understanding, buy in, commitment and post go-live with precise materials and explicit messages urbanized for each segment and targeted at various viewers clusters. Unilevers communication process is too easy to understand for their employees. Hues innovative technologies which fulfill different audience groups demand. Unilever are deployed a completely new technology infrastructure using Microsoft Premier Support. Unilever IT department handles E-mail, Active Directory, and other services distributed globally to the entire Unilever personnel. Its older technology was missed key capabilities, lost huge productive time because of unexpected outages. But now Unilevers new technology named active directory to assist control the identities and relationships that formulate the Unilever network environment. Unilever diminishes the hazard of method downtime and break to business users by using the new technology. The progress in e-mail and system accessibility permits employees to continue productive. Culture Corporate Culture Unilever managers are specified extensive training, and their career development is timepiece over carefully. A well-built corporate culture are facilitated to turn Unilevers management into the middle binding compel of the company and avoiding it from becoming a conglomerate still at its most branched out. There are little weird people in the upper ranks of Unilever and contrasted to most companies. Moreover, Unilever are eminent worldwide by capable and qualified management. Corporate Governance Corporate governance changes the compliance costs involvement for Unilevers international businesses to get together different regulatory needs in other jurisdictions. The accounting standards are one instant prospect for faster co-operation. Both parts of Atlantic are expensive and incompetent to assemble different standards. So, the recent opportunities are moved with time to greater union. The settlements are unquestionable in terms of amplified Unilevers cross-border investment, its deeper international capital markets and lower costs for this company. Power Unilever Already has a global power based in England Netherlands and this renowned company is trading with virtually all parts of the word. After establishing a year, Unilever easily capture the global market through their attractive brand products and stand a strong position from their competitors. Now, Unilever has over 2000 brand products in whole world and this company are influenced most of the countrys economy. Moreover, this company with no trouble enters any country and established its business quickly rather than other competitors through using free trade agreement facilities. No governments are pressured this company by their political power because Unilever is an associate of a number of powerful lobby groups on the national, European, regional and the global level. Politics Since 1960s the political risks of promising countries are rising day by day. A figure of countries are nationalized to Unilever businesses. Foreign organizations are subject to compound controls on prices, imports, production, dividends, borrowings, remittances, expatriate employment and salaries. The governments are limited to the payment of dividends service fees that is a rush of demand for local fairness contribution. Consequently, many large US firms such as IBM and Coca Cola both left India in 1970. But Unilever are developed into a master at delaying tactics. They are also using its widespread contacts and trying to make goodwill in numerous countries to adapt regulations and good dealing with governments. Sometimes, the most important market corruptions of Unilever are increased in corporate and public life. However, Unilevers strong policy and exclusive decision are helped to overcome that situation. Law Unilever and its employees are required to obey with the laws and regulations of the countries in which they operate. As a multinational company Unilever are spreading their businesses worldwide and but every countries legislation system is vary from country to country. So, according to various countries legislation procedures, Unilever also changes their legal system, creating different law policies for different countries. And they try to treat with their employees, customers, suppliers and competitors in a legal way which country they operate. But lack of conscious they are facing trouble such in India, Unilever violated the Indian labor Law. Due to these reasons they lost their market position. Choice Unilever is one of the worlds largest consumer products companies that are marketing a wide range of foods and home and personal care products. The Unilever products including skincare products are shaped based on elevated safety and physical condition standards and are all permitted by BPOM as evident in the BPOM registration number printed on the packaging of each product. At present time, most of the consumers in global market choice Unilever products because of ensuring safety and high quality. Consumers to be more careful when purchasing the products such as giving attention to the following selling price, checking the BPOM registration number, also checking name of manufacturer which are printed on the packaging and finally observing the packaging quality. Without doubt Unilever are succeeding to fill up the consumers all expectation in an organized way. Thus, Unilever detain its position in the consumers mind easily. Conclusion: Before we finish this assignment, we are focused on Unilevers product extension and the enhancement of its quality to combine perfectly with the ethical issues. This business organization is being extended to force growth in the long run even though short-term success may be impacted in the asset stage successfully establish its position in the global market. Moreover, Bhutan also pursues a well-organized legal system. Its laws regulations are relevant to business oriented and it helps to create new business opportunities.